English

Prerequisites

Deterministic and Random Signals

Markov Chains Theory

Queueing Theory

Information theory

Resources

Introduction

What is the Telecommunication?

It’s the transmission of information by a communication medium using signals such as wires, radio, and optical. So, its mission is to transmit a bigger amount of data in the least time at a distance, with quality and safest.

Is “Information and Communications Technology (IT)” a bad name?

Delivery.

Accuracy

Timeliness.

Jitter.

Networks

A network is a set of nodes interconnected by a medium (link) to transfer data. More concretely in telecommunications, a network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from source to destination.

hosts (end systems)

Graph theory

Telecommunication and network relationship

The telecommunication goal is to communicate nodes in a network.

Performance.

Reliability.

Security

Why are telecommunications and networks important?

They are so important because humanity needs communication, the fastest communication possible. Today, we generate data they have to deliver instantly for different motives such as business, news, government, health, and entertainment. Internet, radio, television, and other mediums are cheaper than at other times, so they generate opportunities with the biggest impact and a little money. For instance, social networks like Facebook and Twitter are impossible with no telecommunication infrastructure.

Computers and Internet have changed our learning way, YouTube offers free top-tier university courses such as MIT OpenCourseWare, Stanford, Harvard, and other greatest professors in different topics.

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the world didn’t stop because humanity has connected since XX. Remote work emerged as a solution for thousands of jobs, and school from home was possible thanks to telecommunications, videotelephony software systems, and the Internet.

For previous reasons, telecommunication and the Internet allow humanity lives better.

General communication model

Text

Numbers

Images

Audio

Video

Time

Epoch

Round-trip delay

Data communications

It transports information from A to B by a medium with signals. Cifrado.

BPS (bit per second), k, M, G1

Checksum

CRC-32

SHA-256

Multimedia, MPEG

Protocols and Standards

Protocols and standards are two crucial concepts that allow communication. On one hand, “protocol” means a set of rules governing the transmission of data between nodes. In another hand, “standards” are protocols and other kinds of specifications established by a large consensus.

Since the data is language, protocols refer to the specifications that the language, timing, and metadata (headers), but note that protocols and standards don't say anything about implementation.

Language specifications refer to the lexical, syntax, and semantics specifications. Timing refers to the speed of the data and the date to send them. Metadata (headers or control information) is data that provides data about the payload such as the payload’s size, payload source, payload destination, authorization, and authentication.

Protocolos son las reglas que usamos en el alfabeto (análisis sintáctico) para dar significado (análisis semántico) para ello necesitamos una carga útil o mensaje + Información de control (encabezados -headers- o metadata que ayudan a procesar o recibir el mensaje).

Authors give different dimensions to study standards: by the property (open, closed), by the way to consensus (de facto, de jure).

De facto standards are ones that have not been approved by an official organization.

De jure standards are an official organization's recommendations. Some are not mandatory, it depends on the government, for instance, NOM in Mexico.

An open (free/libre) standard is one that is openly accessible by anyone. The standard is kept secret by an organization if want to use it you have to use a special product.

Some organizations that make standards are ISO, IEC, IEEE, ANSI, ITU, RFC (IETF), RFC editor, W3C, and manufacturers consortium.

In this book, we’re going to study the different protocols following the OSI standard. Indeed, mastering this field is equivalent to learning fully protocols.

References

Welcome | acm sigcomm. (2022, November 04). Retrieved from https://www.sigcomm.org

https://www.csun.edu/senate/resolutions/Open Standards Resolution.pdf

https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Main_Page

https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2019/04/02/open-standards-vs-open-source-explanation/

Lie, H. (2005). Opera to MS: Get real about interoperability, Mr Gates. The Register. Retrieved from https://www.theregister.com/2005/02/11/hakon_on_ms_interroperability

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard#ITU-T_definition

Home. (2022, November 22). Retrieved from https://www.ietf.org

Index of /rfc. (2022, November 15). Retrieved from https://www.ietf.org/rfc

[Sta04] and [PD03].

[Tan03]

Interconnection model

An interconnection or suite has to be specified in order for nodes to communicate with each other. Since a protocol is not enough to make a built communication channel successfully, we need an interconnection model or protocols suite based on system design principles to manage system complexity. Some of them are:

• Hierarchy. The model defines layers and their “precedence order” to execute them.

• Service. Each layer has services to the layer immediately above it.

• Encapsulation. Each packet (data and metadata) at layer $N$ is encapsulated in the packet at level $N-1$.

• Interfaces Between Layers. Layers communicate with adjacent layers with well-defined interfaces.

• Organization. The system is divided into layers.

The OSI Model

Once upon a time when the interconnection model was dominated by the OSI model, today TCP/IP suite became dominant thanks to the Internet. We discuss the OSI model briefly given its importance.

TCP/IP Protocol suite

Ecosystem

MDL mllab.com

ITAR-Registe

https://www.corning.com/cala/es.html

Jobs

Exercises Set

Story

1700-1800 Electricity, electromagnetic, and mathematics

Fourier, Laplace, and Cauchy make mathematics Tractatus.

Hans Christian Oersted and Andre-Marie Ampere do electricity and magnetic experiments.

Micheal Faraday and Joseph Henry discovered electromagnetic induction.

George Simeon Ohm discovered Ohm Law.

Alessandro Volta discovered battery principles.

Electricity (Breakpoint)

Electromagnetism

Maxwell, Hertz, Lodge

Guglielmo Marconi

Nikola Tesla

1800-1900 Telegraph, phone, and radio

Carl Gauss and Wilhelm Weber developed the first telegraph.

William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone started the first telegraph company and a patent for its telegraph in the UK. Charles proved music that can transmit by wires too.

Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the electric telegraph and communication code called Morse code in the US.

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci invented the first mechanical phone, but he don’t patent it. Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent it.

James Clerk Maxwell does the electromechanical theory.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz extends Maxwell’s electromechanical theory.

Guglielmo Marconi was the first to the patent radio, but Tesla invented it.

1900-1950 Television, satellites, and computers

Paul Nipkow invented Nipkow disk.

John Logie Baird extended the Nipkow disk.

Charles F. Jenkins did the first experimental TV transmissions.

Vladimir Zworykin invented a TV Communication system employing cathode ray tubes.

John Von Neumann and al. invented EDVAC, the first general electric computer.

AT&T in Bell laboratories invented the transistor by William Shockley, Jonh Bardeen, and Walter Brattain.

Clark proposed the satellite concept.

Hady Lamarr

Radio

AM, FM

DARS

SW

Sirius XM

Space

Clark

Satellites

NASA

Telstar I

INTELSAT, Early Bird

Pay Per View

ANIK

HBO

Ted Turner (WTBS)

TNT

CNN

Superstation

Mexico Morelos I, Morelos II, Solidaridad I, Satemex 5 https://mapasatelital.ift.org.mx

Television

Phone Cellular

In world

Phone Cellular was born in Japon

In Mexico

1990 MX (Telcel, Telefonica, Unefon, …) ?

Locatel?

DTH

Internet

https://www.submarinecablemap.com/

Generation in mobile

1G FDMA

2G GSM, CDMA, TDMA

3G UTMS, WCDMA

4G

5G

Sobre el cancer.

FAQ

Sources of Digital Information

Physical Layer

Signals

$s(t)=Asin(2\pi ft+\phi)$

A is Amplitude

f is the frequency (hertz)

It’s fase

Oscilloscope

g(t)

g(f)

spectrum analyzer

Fast Fourier Transform: time → frequency

Waveform

Square

Rectangular

Sinusoidal

Digital signals

Analog signals

Digital Signals = f(EMI, Analog Signals)

Analog signals = f(EMI, Digital Signals)

Wavelength

$\lambda=\dfrac{c}{f}$

AM Signal 300 m

FM Signal 3 m

Analog phone 0.33 m

Digital phone 0.17 m

Attenuation.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the maximum number of bits that flows on a connection in a period of time. The fundamental unit of network bandwidth is bits per second (bps). It also means the range of frequencies used to transmit signals.

• Variable.

Bits per rate (bps).

• Fixed.

Analogous Mode.

FM can transmit data, but AM not.

FM, AM are analogous information.

He was assigned by the government.

X-Ray

Tomografias

Waves and signals.

Ripper??

Throughput

Throughput is the actual number of bits that flows on a connection in a period of time. So, by definition, $throughput \le bandwith$.

Latency

How works the signal?

Beacon.

What is an antenna?

The antenna is a filter.

Electromechanic.

VHF

UHF

Antenna and wavelength relationship.

Frequencies

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

SHF

EHF

IR

Visible light

WalkieTalkies

ISM?

RFID

Homework

Optical fiber

Shannon–Hartley theorem

Nyquist theorem

Analog-digital conversion

Discrete and continuous signals.

Analog and digital.

Signal.

Sampling.

Codification.

Analogous database??

Regeneration??

Digital transmission?

Extended Spread Spectrum

Noise-Signal relationship

Why do humans prefer digital over analog signals?

Dolby Digital

Ripping

Google Colaboratory

https://colab.research.google.com/gist/sanchezcarlosjr/fd958440758f2e49497c1095aa613486/data-communication-conversion.ipynb

Telecommunications Mediums

Satellites

https://platform.leolabs.space/visualizations/leo

Modulation

Switching messages

What is Power Line Communications (PLC)?

PLC means Power Line Communications and it stands to transmit voice and data by the existent electric network. This system could communicate to 200 Mbps.

United Utilities and Northern Telecom purposed Internet was available by the electric network; it’s called Power Line Communications.

PLC devices work as follows: a wave is digitally modulated between 20 to 200 kHz that is injected into electric domestic wires where each receptor has a unique address and it’s managed individually by a signal transmitter.

Worked examples

Data Link Layer

Ethernet

LLC. Logical Link Control. It is a software that communicates .

MAC. It is a hardware. Network device.

48 bits.

OUI. 3 octetos identifies providers.

UAA.

Hexadecimal.

Entre mas grande quieras el mensaje, más pesado es revisarlo.

ATM → Frame Relay → Ethernet

ARP

Error detection

Bit Error Rate

Packet error ratio

BER device

Detector

Corrector

Bit de paridad. Redudant.

Checksum

Cyclic redundancy check

CRC

Forward Error Correction

https://emn178.github.io/online-tools/crc32.html

https://emn178.github.io/online-tools/

Hamming.

Convutionals.

RS (Reed Solomon)

LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) o Gallager

Network Layer

1969

Darpanet. Academic and . Darpa.

IPv4 and IPv6

Internet2

IPv4 Classes

MIC.mx, AKKY

ICAAN, Registers

WhoIS

MAC

Subnet mask

Gateway. Access points.

Private.

Public.

ReservedDARPADARPA.

DHCP. Dynamic

DNS

Internet Society

worldipv6launch.org

Hop (networking)

NSFnet.

Advanced Research Projects Agency

TCP/IP

Enterprises & Tim Bernee-Lee.

Tec de Monterrey.

https://www.worldiv6launch.org

https://pulse.internetsociety.org/

Private network and public network

NAT

https://www.practicalnetworking.net/

https://www.practicalnetworking.net/series/nat/nat/

WLAN Wireless. WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, WWAN.

WiFI versions

OFDM

OFDMA

MU-MIMO

Radio

FHSS (Frequency Hoping)

DSSS

Topologias

Ad Hoc

Peer

Master Slave

Infraestructura

Access point

WMAN

Wireless Bridge (WB)

Network address translation

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process carried out by a network device, often a router or a firewall, that maps a source and destination IP address from one network address space (typically a private network) to another (typically a public network like the Internet). To accomplish this, the NAT device, usually located at the network edge, modifies the headers of the source and destination packets in a manner that is transparent to the end nodes. This process may involve any ports in the networks, a variant of which is referred to as Port Address Translation (PAT), NAT Overload or Port forwarding. PAT allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address or a few public IP addresses by differentiating each device based on the unique source port of its outgoing packets.

NAT could perform different kind of mapping. Some of those are:

• Static NAT: A one-to-one mapping between addresses.

• Dynamic NAT:

• Static PAT:

• Dynamic PAT:

NAT Traversal

How can you have noted NAT gateway provide a one or a few single public IP addresses, but it has a big problem, how can you build P2P applications or end-to-end protocols if incoming connection requires some configuration and your users don’t want configure its routers to set a stable public IP? The solution is implement somehow a NAT traversal.

Some of the solutions the people have invented are:

The Circuit Relay approach that consists in a STUN, TURN, and ICE.

UDP/TCP hole punching.

UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) and NAT-PMP (NAT Port Mapping Protocol)

Network Utilities

PING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIicPE38O-s&ab_channel=PowerCertAnimatedVideos

Traceroute

. (2022, October 04). Traceroute (tracert) Explained - Network Troubleshooting. Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up3bcBLZS74&ab_channel=PowerCertAnimatedVideos

Open Visual Traceroute. (2022, May 14). Retrieved from https://visualtraceroute.net

IP

https://pages.di.unipi.it/ricci/501302.pdf

PRACTICA_Ejercicios_DireccionamientoIPV4.docx
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d5EPu7-CGDUvU8T_7mt204ra9KU6Y6WM/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=108183839965586274921&rtpof=true&sd=true

https://gist.github.com/sanchezcarlosjr/8ceadc87deeaa49e4678622a102c2448

Network typologies

• Physical. It means the layout of nodes and cables. It is a particular concern of the physical layer (1) of the OSI model.

• Logic. It means the way that the signals act on the network media. A particular concern of the network layer (3) of the OSI model.

A topology can be implemented in different logical and physical ways. We’ll focus on the logical way.

Data networks hardware

classDiagram
    class Network {
        Map~Link, Node1, Node2~
        Set~Node~
    }
    Network o-- Link
    Network o-- Node
    Link <|-- WiredTechnology
    Link <|-- WirelessTechnology
    WiredTechnology <|-- CoaxialCable
    WiredTechnology <|-- Ethernet
    WiredTechnology <|-- OpticalFiber
    Node <|-- NetworkInterface
    Node <|-- Repeater
    Node <|-- Hub
    Node <|-- Bridge
    Node <|-- Switch
    Node <|-- Modem
    Node <|-- Firewall
   class NetworkInterface {
        end device
    }

Connecting two routers

RIP Routing Configuration using Three Routers in Cisco Packet Tracer. (2020, April 30). Retrieved from https://linuxtiwary.com/2020/04/29/rip-routing-configuration-using-three-routers-in-cisco-packet-tracer

Network modeling

CISCO Packet Tracer

GNS3

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Wireless

Factores.

Tipo e red.

Proprogracion.

Material.

Consideraciones ambientales.

Otras senanales.

Energia. Conexiones. (PoE) PowerOverEthernet IEEE 802.3af

WLAN a una red cableada.

Cobertura.

Seguridad.

USA prohibicion de WLAN.

SSID (Service Set Identifier)

Seguridad informatica.

Asociaciacion maliciosa.

Attack in Middle.

Mac Spooffing. Kismet, Ethereal.

Wardriving. (Escaneo de redes).

DD-WRT, Open WRT, Tomato (Firmware para routers), OpenVPN.

Políticas de seguridad.

Protocoloes de autenticación para WIFI. EAP, LDAP, Kerberos, OAuth2, SAML2, Radius, TACACS+, FreeRadius, etc. (Cuando entras a una red y te parece una autenticacion personalizada esto sería).

WPA, WPA2, WPA3 (CowPatty, Cain, Abel).

VPN tunneling.

IPSec, SSL, PPTP

Smart Cards, SIM Card.

Logical network topology classification

Point-to-point

Bus

General Model

A possible CISCO Packet Tracer Implementation

Download the Packet Tracer File

Star

General Model

A possible CISCO Packet Tracer Implementation

Download the Packet Tracer File

Ring

General Model

A possible CISCO Packet Tracer Implementation

Download the Packet Tracer File

Mesh

Download the Packet Tracer File

Tree

A possible CISCO Packet Tracer Implementation

Download the Packet Tracer File

Mix

A possible CISCO Packet Tracer Implementation

Download the Packet Tracer File

DCHP

DCHP from server

telecommunications/dhcp_server.pkt at main · sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications

Contribute to sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications development by creating an account on GitHub.

https://github.com/sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications/blob/main/dhcp_server.pkt

DCHP from server to two networks

telecommunications/dhcp_server_two_subnets.pkt at main · sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications

Contribute to sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications development by creating an account on GitHub.

https://github.com/sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications/blob/main/dhcp_server_two_subnets.pkt

DCHP from routers

We don’t have to assign an IP manually, we can use DCHP from servers or routers.

telecommunications/dchp_from_router.pkt at main · sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications

Contribute to sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications development by creating an account on GitHub.

https://github.com/sanchezcarlosjr/telecommunications/blob/main/dchp_from_router.pkt

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Address resolution protocol is a network protocol in OSI layer 2.5 for discovering the link-layer address, such as MAC Address.

If you have IP and you don’t have MAC Address, then you need ARP.

If you don’t have IP and you have MAC Address, then you need RARP.

ARP Table.

Froehlich, A. (2021). Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). SearchNetworking. Retrieved from https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Reverse-Address-Resolution-Protocol

Networking Relationship

Which resources can be shared? files, directories, software, disks, …

Client/Server

Peer-to-peer P2P

CSMA/CD

carriers telecom

VLAN

Clara, G. L. (2014, May 24). CURSO 9-1 Explicacion de Tecnologia VLAN. Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBMQVjSxCQU&ab_channel=gustavoLobatoclara

Worked examples

FAQ

References

3. Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie. Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Morgan

Kaufmann Publishers, 5th edition, 2011.

4. William Stallings. Data and Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, 9th edition, 2010.

5. Uyless D. Black. Computer Networks: Protocols, Standards, and Interfaces, Prentice Hall,

2nd edition, 1993.

6. Fred Halsall. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Addison-

Wesley, 5th edition, 2005.

7. Douglas E. Comer. Computer Networks and Internets, Prentice-Hall, 5th edition, 2009.

Bibliografía complementaria:

1. Uyless D. Black. IP Routing Protocols: RIP, OSPF, BGP, PNNI and Cisco Routing

Protocols, Prentice-Hall, 2000.

2. Gerard J. Holzmann. Design and Validation of Computer Protocols, Prentice-Hall, 1991.

3 Uyless D. Black. Computer Networks: Protocols, Standards, and Interfaces, Prentice Hall,

2nd edition, 1993

Transport Layer

UDP

UDP makes sense for these types of applications:

• It has small requests and responses. For instance, DNS, NTP, SNMP, DCHP, Syslog

• It has built-in delivery confirmation system because if you does the communication over TCP TCP and you application are end up working against each other. For instance, TFTP, RTP, SNMP, QUIC.

• It involves live or streamed content because the latest/real time packet is more important than older dropped packet. For instance, VoIP, RTP, SRTP, SIP, H.323, LiveTV, Multiplayer Video Games.

TCP

QUIC

Ethernet.

F

https://www.iana.org/

https://hpbn.co/building-blocks-of-tcp/

https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml

Session Layer

Network Time Protocol

DNS, LDAP

NetBIOS/IP

RPC

PPT

SSH

Sockets API

IPsec

Worked example

• Write the UDP frame to establish a TCP connection for an HTTP request.

FAQ

It is possible to establish UDP datagrams over a TCP stream?

Yes, check out mullvad. (2022, October 13). udp-over-tcp. Retrieved from https://github.com/mullvad/udp-over-tcp

Presentation Layer

Compression, Encryption, and Format.

ASCII, Unicode, LPP, NCP, X.25 PAD, SSL, IPsex, DES, PGP.

Protocols.

Base64

Application Layer

Protocols

Protocols are procedures for communication whereas standards are well-known procedures.

You can make your own protocols, but they necessarily don’t mean a standard protocol.

FrippeMax. (2011, January 03). Warriors of the Net HD. Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBWhzz_Gn10&ab_channel=FrippeMax

Wang, O. (2022). What are Standards? Why are They Important? - IEEE SA. IEEE Standards Association. Retrieved from https://standards.ieee.org/beyond-standards/what-are-standards-why-are-they-important

What's the difference between the terms "protocol" and "standard"? (2022, November 08). Retrieved from https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/105449/whats-the-difference-between-the-terms-protocol-and-standard

Application Architecture

• P2P (Peer to Peer)

• Client to Server

Asynchronous communication

HTTP/Web

Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., & Berners-Lee, T. (1999, June). Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1. doi: 10.17487/RFC2616

JSON Web Token

Common Gateway Interface

HTML

XML

https://url.spec.whatwg.org/

Web 1.0

https://example.com/

Web 2.0

Web 3.0

Firewall

SSL

https://certbot.eff.org/

Telnet

DHCP

Email

SMTP

X Windows

FTP

DNS

TTL

In DNS, is a lower TTL better?

Records

A

AAAA

ipv6 and ipv4 choice

Network layer

Browser

Library

WebRTC

WebSockets

WebTransport

SSH

https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tutorial/How-to-use-SSH-tunnels-to-cross-network-boundaries

Reverse tunneling with SSH, docker and ngnix (A open source alternative to ngrok and cloudflare)

ssh -nN -f -R 0.0.0.0:remote-port:localhost:local-port username@remote-ip

Make sure sshd_config has the property GatewayPorts equals to yes.

In the remote server, use ngnix, we’re going to use Nginx Proxy Manager container because it easier to set up correctly.

How to Run Graphical X Apps and Wayland apps Over SSH in Linux

ssh -X remote-user@remote-host

https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe

waypipe ssh user@theserver weston-terminal

Going through one host to reach another server

https://askubuntu.com/questions/311447/how-do-i-ssh-to-machine-a-via-b-in-one-command

https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/25055/ssh-via-multiple-hosts

https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-ssh-proxycommand-passing-through-one-host-gateway-server/

VPN

Security.

Learn - VPN University. (2021, November 19). Retrieved from https://www.vpnuniversity.com/learn

Docker. Gluetun.

OpenVPN

Virtual Private Network (VPN) | An Introduction - GeeksforGeeks. (2022, September 29). Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/virtual-private-network-vpn-introduction

WireGuard — fast, modern, secure kernel VPN tunnel

Virtual Private Networks, Second Edition O'Reilly

Mastering OpenVPN: 9781783553136

OpenVPN - ArchWiki. (2022, October 11). Retrieved from https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/OpenVPN

VNC. Virtual Network Computing

, RDP, RFB, NX

Virtual Network Computing A Complete Guide by Gerardus Blokdyk

Web+VNC references

Apache Guacamole™. (2022, September 13). Retrieved from https://guacamole.apache.org

noVNC. (2021, November 11). Retrieved from https://novnc.com/info.html

Johnson, K. (2022). Browser VNC with Zero Trust Rules. Cloudflare Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.cloudflare.com/browser-vnc-with-zero-trust-rules

Kaplinsky, C. (2022, October 12). TightVNC Java Viewer Version 2. Retrieved from https://www.tightvnc.com/release-jviewer2.php

Render a VNC client in browser · Cloudflare Zero Trust docs. (2022, October 12). Retrieved from https://developers.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-one/tutorials/vnc-client-in-browser

VNC on the Internet.

Johnson, K. (2022). Browser VNC with Zero Trust Rules. Cloudflare Blog. Retrieved from https://blog.cloudflare.com/browser-vnc-with-zero-trust-rules

VNC

Becoming GUI Applications to Web apps with VNC

C.6. Accessing Graphical Applications Remotely Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 | Red Hat Customer Portal. (2022, October 13). Retrieved from https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/deployment_guide/s1-x-accessing_graphical_applications_remotely

https://blog.cocalc.com/cocalc/2018/11/05/x11.html

Sometimes we have an application build a desktop GUI application such as Tkinter, …

https://github.com/Xpra-org/xpra/

Gaskin, P. (2020). How To Remotely Access GUI Applications Using Docker and Caddy on Debian 9. DigitalOcean. Retrieved from https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-remotely-access-gui-applications-using-docker-and-caddy-on-debian-9

https://github.com/nicedexter/docker-gui

CloudTk Home Page. (2022, October 13). Retrieved from http://cloudtk.tcl-lang.org

RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)

https://superuser.com/questions/32495/whats-the-difference-between-rdp-vs-vnc

https://github.com/Genymobile/scrcpy

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

Telnet

Tunneling

For my money the best out-of-box tunneling service is Cloudflare.

anderspitman. (2022, September 25). awesome-tunneling. Retrieved from https://github.com/anderspitman/awesome-tunneling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_protocol

Torrent

Tor

Distributed systems. Concurrent systems.

Celery - Distributed Task Queue — Celery 5.2.7 documentation. (2022, May 29). Retrieved from https://docs.celeryq.dev/en/stable/index.html

Consensus and agreement algorithms

Kshemkalyani, A. D., & Singhal, M. (2008). Consensus and agreement algorithms. Distributed Computing: Principles, Algorithms, and Systems. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511805318.015

Docker

Docker, Vagrant, VMs, Cloud, OpenStack

Kubernetes

Microservices

donnemartin. (2022, November 03). system-design-primer. Retrieved from https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer

Architectural design

CS556 - Distributed Systems. (2012, June 14). Retrieved from https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy556/material.html

• Blackboard

• Client-server (2-tier, 3-tier, ntier, cloud computing exhibit this style)

• Component-based

• Data-centric

• Event-driven (or implicit invocation)

• Layered (or multilayered architecture)

• Microservices architecture

• Monolithic application

• Peer-to-peer (P2P)

• Pipes and filters

• Plug-ins

• Reactive architecture

• Representational state transfer (REST)

• Rule-based

• Service-oriented

• Shared nothing architecture

Decentralized model.

Stanford Online. (2015, October 22). Stanford Seminar - IPFS and the Permanent Web. Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUVmypx9HGI&ab_channel=StanfordOnline

https://spork.sh/

yggdrasil/cjdns/hyperbora

MIT Digital Currency Initiative. (2022, September 25). Retrieved from https://dci.mit.edu/decentralizedweb

Peer to peer | Everything I know. (2022, September 25). Retrieved from https://wiki.nikiv.dev/networking/peer-to-peer/#links

https://webtorrent.io/

Beaker | A peer-to-peer browser for Web hackers. (2022, September 25). Retrieved from https://beakerbrowser.com

Blockchain

Jami

JXTA

https://hyperboria.net/

IPFS powers the Distributed Web

https://libp2p.io/

https://developers.cloudflare.com/web3/

Blockchain

Proof-of-state

Polkadot, Layer 1, Layer 2, relay chain

parachain

Bridges, XM

WASM, WebAssembly

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)

dApps

Smart contracts

Kusama

https://www.gear-tech.io/

https://wiki.gear-tech.io/docs/getting-started-in-5-minutes/

POW

Old blockchain

Specify languages

VM

Proof of stake, proof of work

microservice = smart contract

DeFi, DEX, NFT, social tokens

Substrate

Actor model

Gear Toolkit. WebAssembly Virtual Machine. EVM (Solidity), BPF (Solana) y WASM VM.

https://polkadot.network/

GAS

DNS Polkadot

PolkadotName System

Centralized mode. Cloud

Jobs. Site Reliability Engineering, System Administration, and DevOps

https://standalone-sysadmin.com/the-difference-between-site-reliability-engineering-system-administration-and-devops-d05031495499

SRE https://sre.google/sre-book/table-of-contents/

System Administrators

Ubiquitous computing. Pervasive computing.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a subclass of Ubiquitous Computing.

What's the difference between IoT and pervasive (ubiquitous) computing? (2020, August 21). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/post/Whats-the-difference-between-IoT-and-pervasive-ubiquitous-computing

Security

Appendix

Decibels

dB ↔ dBWatts

dBmW ⇒ millwats.

The measure is the logarithm. 1

History. Bell.

Definition. “Decibels” is a logarithm relative measurement to watts.

Relative to watts.

Behavior.

Amplifier. Dimmer.

Gain.

$G(dB)=10log_{10}(G)$

fromWattsToDecibels :: Float -> Float
fromWattsToDecibels x = 10*log10(x)

fromDecibelsToWatts :: Float -> Float
fromDecibelsToWatts x = 10^(x/10)

fromDecibelsToWatts :: Float -> Float
fromDecibelsToWatts x = 10^(x/10)

No negative decibels.

Multimedia

Conversion between formats.

Bitrate to

Telecommunication limits

Bandwidth signal.

Noise. Attenuation. Reflection. Diffraction.

Politics.

Market

Telecommunication statistics

Mexico

• Televisa

• Telmex

TODO

Zero-knowledge architecture.

roaming

APN

https://comunidad.movistar.es/t5/Soporte-Técnico-Móvil/Cómo-configurar-el-APN-de-Movistar/ta-p/3616275

https://www.xatakamovil.com/conectividad/que-es-eso-del-apn-y-para-que-sirve

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_del_punto_de_acceso

• CHAP

• MCC/MNC

• OMA Client Provisioning

• Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

• Proxy

• Puerto

• Punto de acceso a la red

• Sistema de mensajería multimedia (MMS)