Preface

Prerequisites

Learning ethics

Introduction

What is Management?

Why does Management matter to you?

Research

Ecosystem

Standards, jobs, industry, roles, …

Michael Martin Hammer

Story

FAQ

Summary

• code

  @startuml
  class Company {
    -Organizational behavior
    -Organizational culture
    -Values
    -Behaviors
    -Norms
    -Company mission
    -Product strategy
    -Marketing strategy
    -Financial strategy
    -Team structure
    -Hiring process
    -Company culture
    -Operations plan
  }
  
  note right of Company
    A company is an organization engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities. 
    The company often has a specific goal and a hierarchy of authority.
    Organizational behavior refers to the actions of individuals within an organization.
    Organizational culture refers to the shared values that characterize an organization.
    Culture manual examples: 
    -Zappos Culture Book 
    -Netflix Culture: Freedom & Responsibility 
    -Hubspot Culture Code 
    -Atlassian's The EOS Model 
    -W.L. Gore's Belief System 
  end note
  
  class Individual {
    -Individual conduct base
    -Values = 
      Honesty | 
      Respect | 
      Responsibility | 
      Fairness | 
      Compassion | 
      Perseverance | 
      Courage | 
      Integrity
    -Attitudes
    -Job satisfaction
    - Salary
    - Shares
    -Perks = 
      Health insurance | 
      Retirement benefits | 
      Remote work |
      Paid time off | 
      Professional development opportunities | 
      Work-life balance | 
      Flexible schedule | 
      Employee discount
  }
  
  class Production {
    -Absenteeism
    -Turnover
  }
  
  class DecisionMaking {
    -Decision-making styles = 
    Analytical | 
    Intuitive | 
    Directive | 
    Conceptual | 
    Behavioral
  }
  
  
  class Leadership {
    -Leadership styles = 
  Autocratic | 
  Transformational | 
  Servant | 
  Laissez-faire | 
  Transactional | 
  Charismatic | 
  Participative | 
  Situational | 
  Democratic
  }
  
  class Motivation {
    -Motivation theories = 
      Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | 
      Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory | 
      Self-Determination Theory | 
      Expectancy Theory | 
      Equity Theory | 
      Reinforcement Theory | 
      Goal Setting Theory |
      Linus Torvalds Theory
  }
  
  class Team {
    -Group conduct base
    -Org structure
    -Roles and responsibilities
    -Hiring plan
  }
  
  class Communication {
    -Type: String
    -Message: String
    -Technologies = 
      Email | 
      Instant messaging | 
      Video conferencing | 
      Project management tools | 
      Social media
  }
  
  
  class Product {
    -Value proposition
    -Target market
    -Competitive analysis
    -Product roadmap
    -Name: String
    -Features: String
    -Value propositions =
      Cost savings |
      Increased efficiency |
      Improved customer experience |
      Unique selling point
  }
  
  note right of Product
    Example value propositions:
    - Facebook: Connect with friends and family, share experiences
    - Google: Quick and easy access to information and knowledge
    - Netflix: Watch TV shows and movies anytime, anywhere, on any device
  end note
  
  
  class OrganizationalSystem {
    -Components of the organizational structure
    -Dimensions of the vertical organization
    -Strategy
    -Processes
    -Types of organizational structure
    -Tools
    -Systems
  }
  
  
  class Effectiveness {
    - Eficacia + Eficiencia = Efectividad
    -Efficiency
    -Effective
    -Added value
  }
  
  
  class Productivity {
  }
  
  class OKR {
    -Objective: String
    -Key Results: String[]
    -Start Date: Date
    -End Date: Date
    -Completion Percentage: Integer
    -Priority: String
  }
  
  
  class KPI {
    -kpi = 
    Lead Conversion | 
    Sales Revenue | 
    Customer Satisfaction | 
    Conversion Rate | 
    NPS | 
    Employee Satisfaction | 
    Retention Rate | 
    ROI | 
    Time to Market | 
    Website Traffic
  }
  
  class Financial {
    -Revenue model
    -Funding strategy
    -Financial projections
    -Cost structure
  }
  
  class Marketing {
    -Branding
    -Positioning
    -Pricing strategy
    -Customer acquisition
    -Retention strategy
  }
  
  Team "1" *-- "many" Individual
  Company "1" *-- "many" Team
  Productivity *--  OKR
  OKR *--  KPI
  Individual -->  DecisionMaking
  Individual -->  Leadership
  Individual --> Motivation
  Individual --> Communication
  Communication --> Individual
  Company --> OrganizationalSystem
  OrganizationalSystem --> Productivity
  OrganizationalSystem --> Marketing
  Productivity *--  Production
  Productivity *--  Effectiveness
  OrganizationalSystem *-- Product
  OrganizationalSystem *-- Financial
  
  note right of Individual
  An individual is a single human being, as distinct from a group or an organization.
  Individual conduct refers to the behavior of a single person within an organization.
  end note
  
  note right of Production
  Production is the process of creating or manufacturing a product or goods.
  end note
  
  note right of DecisionMaking
  Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions using a step-by-step decision-making process.
  end note
  
  note right of Leadership
  Leadership refers to the ability of an individual or organization to guide individuals, teams, or organizations toward the fulfillment of goals and objectives.
  end note
  
  note right of Motivation
  Motivation is the driving force that directs behavior toward a desired goal or outcome.
  end note
  
  note right of Team
  A team is a group of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
  end note
  
  note right of Communication
  Communication refers to the exchange of information and ideas between individuals, groups, or organizations.
  end note
  
  note right of Product
  A product is an item that is manufactured or processed and made available for sale.
  end note
  
  note right of OrganizationalSystem
  An organizational system refers to the components and structures that make up an organization, including its culture, management practices, processes, and technology.
  end note
  
  note right of Effectiveness
  Effectiveness refers to the degree to which something is successful in producing the desired result or outcome.
  end note
  
  note right of Productivity
  Productivity refers to the amount of output (goods or services) produced per unit of input (labor and capital) in a given period of time.
  end note
  
  note right of OKR
  OKR stands for Objectives and Key Results, and is a framework for setting and tracking measurable and attainable goals and objectives within an organization.
  end note
  
  note right of KPI
  KPI stands for Key Performance Indicator, and is a measure used to evaluate the success of an organization or individual in meeting specific goals.
  end note
  
  note right of Financial
  Financial refers to matters concerning monetary and fiscal matters, including the management of money and financial transactions.
  end note
  
  note right of Marketing
  Marketing is the process of creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, and society as a whole.
  end note
  
  @enduml

Worked examples

A plan is not a strategy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuYlGRnC7J8&ab_channel=HarvardBusinessReview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID5gEmrg_F8&ab_channel=FoundstoneConversations

Meetings

La regla de oro «tratar a los demás como te gustaría ser tratado» es incorrecta, sencillamente porque el mundo es subjetivo. Debemos relacionarnos con los demás como ellos quieren ser tratados, y por defecto o en causa de duda, con la máxima formalidad posible en el trabajo. Luego, ellos pueden decidir cambiar el pronombre de «usted» a «tú».

Minutes

After each meeting, it is always necessary to note down future actions and agreements (recording conversations, writing minutes of what was said and what will be done). People remember what is convenient for them, and combined with the fact that few of us like to document, this is a recipe for conflicts. Another way to look at it is that there is no point in being the smartest person in the room if you don't take precautions.

Minutes should include

1. Name, date, and location of meeting

2. List of attendees (note the presence of a quorum)

3. A time meeting was called to order

4. Conflict of Interest & Antitrust Avoidance
   .Affirmation
   

5. Approval of previous meeting minutes

6. Motion text and name of maker

7. Status/results of motions

8. The meeting was adjourned

Minutes do not include:

• Discussion
  • Personal opinion
  • The name of the seconder of a motion is not necessary
  • Motions withdrawn
  • Entire reports (rather attach to minutes)
  

References

https://hbr.org/1976/03/how-to-run-a-meeting

https://assembly.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/roberts_rules_simplified.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dFw-TNEx6M

Mistakes

Las empresas de tradición occidental están orientadas hacia lograr altas tasas de rendimiento; pero también muestran áreas de oportunidad en el área humana, siendo la ocultación de los errores por culpa un síntoma y el artículo [1] su cura. Los errores ya no son vistos como un destino final, donde solo encuentra culpa, ocultación y desesperanza, sino como aprendizaje. Por eso el nombre: cultura del error constructivo.

"La victoria tiene cien padres y la derrota es huérfana." Kennedy.

Que algo sea así no significa que no pueda cambiar (falacia naturalista), pero la naturaleza humana suele ser la siguiente: el éxito, los aciertos y lo bueno es motivo de unión (¿quién recibe el crédito y por tanto los beneficios?); por el contrario, el fallo, los errores y lo malo es motivo de desunión (¿quién es responsable y va recibir las represalias?).

Los errores pueden ser clasificados de distintas maneras; para efectos de este brevísimo ensayo: investigación, operación o admnistración y legales-morales. 

Para el primero es claro que el artículo aplica: ¿quieres generar innovación? Entonces debes cometer errores de caminos sin salida o de juicio, ese es el proceso natural del aprendizaje. 

En el caso de operaciones o admnistración, el artículo está asumiendo cierto nivel de competencia esperada (errores por incompetencia duradera no son su objeto) tras el proceso de selección (si es que lo hubo). Además, la mayoría estamos de acuerdo en que existen buenas maneras de comunicarnos donder culpar no es una de ellas y en cambio sí, dar una sana retroalimentación (¿Qué hiciste bien? ¿Qué hiciste mal? ¿Cómo puedes mejorar? ¿Cómo podemos salir de está?). Existe una situación en el borde que es cuando la retroalimentación te cuesta dinero o posibles demandas, por eso muchas empresas no la dan en el despido o en el proceso de reclutamiento. Por supuesto, que existen errores irreversibles (perder una gran suma de dinero o de clientes) que provocan el despido automático, el autor supongo estará de acuerdo.

 Para las cuestiones legales-morales, ¿tú podrías decir que el artículo aplica? 

¿Qué es mejor: vivir bien o lograr mejores resultados? Supongo que la mayoría queremos un ambiente de trabajo donde ciertos tipos de errores no sean una crisis o se sientan como tal y no siempre son excluyentes. Pero dado que las empresas están orientadas a resultados con respecto a sus dueños, los incentivos no están alineados regularmente para lograrlo. La empresa puede tener una mentalidad del tipo: "demasiados errores que me cuestan dinero, mejor contratemos a otra u otro, al cabo es fácil de remplazar", por lo tanto, los empleados están incentivados a mentir y ocultar.

[1] Rami, U., & Gould, C. (2016). From a “Culture of Blame” to an Encouraged “Learning
from Failure Culture”. Business Perspectives and Research, 2278533716642651.

Business process management (BPM)

The way some tech business-oriented companies sell computation (i.e. information technologies) such as SAP, IBM, Microsoft, and so on. How can an organization into data-driven and automation? How companies can capitalize on computation? how can companies enhance their process with ERP?

Business Process Reengineering (BPR)

Digital Transformation

Business Transformation

Engineering process

Systems Theory

W. Edwards Deming

BPM is …

Key concepts

“Reengineering process” was the concept in the 90s.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPFChTmlzCg

Profiting from Processes

Process Modelling

Business Requirements

Rich models. The Rich Picture.

Desarrolladas por Peter Checkland en 1981 como parte de la Metodología de
Sistemas Suaves (Soft Systems Methodology- SSM)

Languages

• Rich Picture

• BPMN

• IDEF0

• RAD Diagram

Rich Pictures. (2002, November 04). Retrieved from http://systems.open.ac.uk/materials/T552/pages/rich/richAppendix.html

https://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Software-Process/Readings/RichPicture.pdf

Avison, D. E.; Golder, P. A.; Shah, H. U. (1 January 1992). "Towards an SSM toolkit: rich picture diagramming". Eur J Inf Syst. 1 (6): 397–408. doi:10.1057/ejis.1992.17. S2CID 62607566.

https://bpmn.io/toolkit/bpmn-js/

Related disciplines

Six Sigma

Lean

Process Analysis

Process Design

Process Performance Management

Process Organization

Enterprise Process Management

BPM Technology

Cloud vs On-premise

Customization

Organizational Change Management

Project Governance

Integration

Architecture

Reshaping process thinking

Process orientation is productive

ERP System penetrate the market

Owner of the process

SAP

The BPM Lifecycle

Process Identification

Process discovery

Process analysis

Process redesign

Process implementation

Process monitoring

Patterns

Knowledge management

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM-MPS57qKA

http://www.informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper145.html

Process owner

Exercises

Projects

Summary

FAQ

I fight for the users, and everything else will follow

In the business processes, we encounter multi-objective optimization where the needs of users and businesses often differ. Therefore, when conflicts arise, managers must prioritize the business aspect and its invariants. Otherwise, many decisions can overlap, satisfying both sides and addressing the UX aspect of the process.

A classic example of conflict between both sides is security. Businesses aim to prevent scams by imposing constraints such as KYC (Know your customer) or authentication processes. On the other hand, users prefer a seamless buying experience without these additional steps, including the inconvenience of false positive fraud detections.

https://www.thefountaininstitute.com/blog/i-fight-for-the-user

Dependency in 3rd parties

Government

Regulation outsourcing services

The transition is hard or impossible

Reference Notes

BPM CBOK

Hammer, Michael, and James Champy. "Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution (Collins." (1993): 272.

Grosskopf, A., Decker, G., & Weske, M. (2009). The process: business process modeling using BPMN. Meghan Kiffer Press.

Scheer, A. W. (2012). Business process engineering: reference models for industrial enterprises. Springer Science & Business Media.

Evaluations of Process Modeling Grammars by Jan Recker

Business Process Modeling as a means to bridge The Business-IT Divide by Martin Devillers

http://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijpse

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/bprm

https://sohailumar.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/reengineering_the_corporation-clean.pdf

"Dr. Michael Hammer." 23 Nov. 2016, www.hammerandco.com/index.htm.

Rami, U., & Gould, C. (2016). From a “Culture of Blame” to an Encouraged “Learning

from Failure Culture”. Business Perspectives and Research, 2278533716642651.

. (2023, April 17). Fundamentals of Business Process Management (BPM). Youtube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9iw99lS3Prj5VoC4Bwhmj9Wawd2r-Vtt

shelter empresarial

Next steps

References

TODO

Maquila de nómina