https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar

Introduction

Why does English matter?

I don’t know if I have to answer this question.

Lexical analysis

You should learn words to understand a lot of situations, one book cannot provide you with all English vocabulary, that is the dictionary's purpose. However, we know read directly the dictionary is boring.

Verbs

Adverbs

conjunctions

Prepositions

Thesaurus is a tool to choose the right words.

Grammar analysis

English is not a free context grammar.

Dependent prepositions

English associate some prepositions with verbs, they are dependent prepositions. My way to know if some prepositions apply is by searching in a dictionary and checking out the examples.

Suppose we look up “associate” on the Merriam-Webster website, the example is “They were closely associated with each other during the war.” so the verb “associate” is associated with “with”.

Dependent prepositions. (2023, January 04). Retrieved from https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/b2g001-dependent-prepositions

Prepositions: position and stranding

Prepositions: position and stranding

Contributors to Wikimedia projects. (2023, January 04). Preposition stranding - Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preposition_stranding&oldid=1131578153

Prepositions. (2023, January 04). Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/prepositions

What is Reposition Stranding in Grammar? (2023, January 04). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/preposition-stranding-grammar-1691666

My Lingua Academy. (2022). Questions with Prepositions at the End - My Lingua Academy. My Lingua Academy. Retrieved from https://myenglishteacher.co.uk/2022/06/12/questions-with-prepositions-at-the-end

Note. Are the questions 'Does it equal X?' and 'Is it equal to X?' equal? Yes, they are.

Tenses

DECLENSION OF NOUNS

https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/101/Declension.pdf

Grammar cases

Word transformation

Verb to noun

Adjective to noun

Adjective + ness

Adjective to adverb

Adjective + ly

Hypothetical situations

If you had studied more, you would have passed the exam.

I would love to build my operating system when I’m older.

Would you make this feature as soon as possible? We need to get a move on.

I had a dream about being a millionaire; I wish it would come true.

If Anatomy had been rejected as an important subject in elementary education, we would have prioritized unuseful subjects.

but

"but" serves as a coordinating conjunction. It introduces a contrast to the previous clause. The structure is:

• [Positive statement] BUT [Contrasting statement].

“Succession season four is officially set to premiere in spring 2023, but the exact date has yet to be determined”.

“The thesis can be viewed as nothing but an ordinary mathematical definition.”

“Latin does not depend on word order for basic meaning, but on inflections (changes in the endings of words) to indicate the function of words within a sentence.”

However, "but" acts more like a preposition. In this context, it means "except for" or "with the exception of".

“I’ve learned it at the university in a course and through X, but I’ve mostly forgotten everything but the basics.”

The first “but” serves as a coordinating conjunction and the second done acts like a preposition.

Denials without “does”

We cannot give a short certificate for a graph not to have a Hamiltonian Path.

Grammar Construction

TODO: CFG

Adverbs before or after?

Endonym and exonym

Collocations in English

Some words fit together, some don’t.

Transitions

thereby, therefore,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWQk67meYUA

There

Determiners

No and none of are determiners. None is a pronoun. No, none and none of indicate negation.

If X, the question

If you don't have memory, do you call RAM?

Constructions

1. To + Fo

• not only __ but also __

• both __ and __

• from __ to __

• as __ as __

• between __ and __

• (n)either __ (n)or __

• "stand on
  " vs. "stand
  in
  " vs. "stand
  for

Predicative expression

Predicative adjectives over the subject and Predicative nominal over the subject assign properties to the subject with adjectives or nouns. Predicative adjectives over the subject and Predicative nominal over the subject assign properties to the object.

A large percentage of shrimp dishes and other traditional seafood made the population sick. — Predicate adjective over the subject.

Enormous changes in common law within the last few generations of judges have negatively influenced the population.

Semantics analysis

Meetings

Suggest time

• How about _______ (day or time)?

• Are you available on ________ (day) at ________ (time)?

• How does ________ (day or time) sound?

• What about _________ (day or time)? Does that work?

https://www.lingobest.com/free-online-english-course/how-to-arrange-a-meeting-in-english/

Address and directions

https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/in-the-south-of-england-or-on-the-south-of-england.2506712/

https://www.quora.com/Is-there-any-significant-difference-between-in-the-south-of-and-to-the-south-of

It is not uncommon to meet with an opinion that though 
the promoting manufactures may be the interest of a part
of the Union, it is to that of another part.
Alexander Hamilton, "Report on Manufactures," originally published in 1791.

There goes…

There goes gravity. (2023, January 16). Retrieved from https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/300705/there-goes-gravity

Quantifiers

amount of + uncountable

plenty of + countable/uncountable

number of + countable

a large quantity + countable/uncountable

a great deal of + uncountable

Subject adjective

You better

https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/331234/what-does-you-better-mean-in-this-context-of-conversation

Antiphrasis

I do know. “do” word gives you extra emphasis

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/235489/i-know-or-i-do-know

“She finished her homework” is similar to “She did finish her homework”, but the latter adds extra emphasis.

Know, know about and know of

Quotes analysis

He who believes that a clock has a soul attributes the maker’s glory to the work.

He, who believes that a clock has a soul, attributes the maker’s glory to the work.

Answer some strange questions —to me

Q: How many Prolog programmers does it take to change a lightbulb?

A: “No”

Q: How many cars do you want in your video?

A: “Yes”

Explanation.

Some people might expect if you ask a number, you get back one, but you can answer “Yes” or “No”. “No” means none of them or as few as possible. “Yes” means all of them or as many as possible.

In fact, Prolog works a similar way

Which language could be more suitable than Prolog for solving logic puzzles? 
(Answer: false.)

languages(X).
false

TOEFL iBT

Phonetics. Listening and Speaking.

Right, you are capable of reading and writing, but they are not enough to communicate with others, you must speak and speak.

Use English phonetics and English ways to name things, including proper names. In other words, don’t use your first-language phonetics.

In English, orthography and pronunciation differ. Indeed, some native speakers turn on subtitles in movies, read captions, or search for lyrics. TODO: Statistics.

References

"Interactive Phonemic Chart: The 44 sounds & symbols of English." 6 June 2017, cambridgeenglishonline.com/interactive_phonemic_chart.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/assets/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf

Standard American English. Standard British English.

Writing and speaking with good taste

Writing and speaking phrases that check Standard English is a difficult level less than writing and speaking with good taste.

How to increase your reading skills?

• Increase your vocabulary.

• Understand grammar.

• Reading more.

• On focus.

• Safe steps. Keywords. Inferences.

• Heuristics. Representations.

• Search.

Write verbs over adverbs when you can

You must write verbs over adverbs.

Hove, S. (2018). Grammar 101: Verbs vs. Adverbs - Elite Editing. Elite Editing. Retrieved from https://eliteediting.com/resources/verbs-vs-adverbs

Nonstandard English

Urban dictionary

English Classic literature

American History

Uncle Sam

Perl Harbor

"Remember Pearl Harbor" Song by Sammy Kaye

British History

John Bull

Government and Politics

Historical, geographical, social, and economic shape the culture of those who inhabit any country. So, political systems are in function from their culture —their society.

“Culture” is the way of life of a people, the average of their ideas, knowledge, and values. Culture makes up the basis of social action.

Ideals of democracy

References

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7jvq

Translation

Education

AP

General advice

1. Listen to movies.

Apps

Resources

Diana Hacker. Rules for writing.

Diana Hacker. A pocket-style manual.

Oxford Modern English Grammar by Bas Aarts.

From Old English to Standard English by Dennis Freeborn.

Samuel P. Newman in A Practical System of Rhetoric

https://hemingwayapp.com/

"Advanced Grammar in Use" by Martin Hewings

"The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary”

"The Cambridge English Course" by Michael Swan and Catherine Walter:

"New Headway Advanced" by Liz Soars and John Soars:

"English Grammar in Use" by Raymond Murphy

"Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English" or "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary”

"The Oxford Book of English Verse" or "The Norton Anthology of English Literature"

"The English Patient" by Michael Ondaatje or "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald

"Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced" by Martin Hewings

"English Grammar in Use" by Raymond Murphy

"New Headway Advanced" by Liz Soars and John Soars

"The Cambridge English Course" by Michael Swan and Catherine Walter

English

• Bilingual children's books English- Spanish
  What are your life goals?
  Why do you want to study in the U.S?
  Talk about your job in a more detailed way
  read it out loud a few times before you practice with a teacher
  

How do I use the phrases "to the south of …", "on the south of …" and "in the south of …"?

https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/prepositions-with-compass-points-south-north-etc.1875944/

https://www.quora.com/Which-one-is-correct-‘live-in’-or-‘l-live-at’

Resources

Grammarhow. (2022, December 27). Retrieved from https://grammarhow.com

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/inhalt_grammar.htm

https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/vocabulary-lesson-idioms-alphabetical-order.php?letter=a

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/

AP English Language and Composition

• https://www.edx.org/course/preparing-for-the-ap-english-language-and-composit

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXCaBkWHZuQ&list=PLCEja84uspXuBecyr-ijQ8pl6UHkih-17&ab_channel=MarcoLearning

AP English Literature and Composition

Latin: Vergil

• The Bedford Handbook - Writing Exercises for practice. - http://dianahacker.com/bedhandbook6e/subpages/wr_menu.asp

• The Bedford Handbook - Grammar Exercises for practice. - http://dianahacker.com/bedhandbook6e/subpages/gm_menu.asp

• Aims Community College - Body Paragraphs Exercise - http://www.aims.edu/student/online-writing-lab/process/body-exercise

• The Writing Center at University of North Carolina - Handouts and Resources - http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/

• Purdue University Online Writing Lab - The Online Writing Lab (OWL)
  at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional
  material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at
  Purdue. - 
  https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

• Writers' Handbook (University of Wisconsin at Madison) - In this
  section, you will find many instructional materials developed for
  the Writing Center - 
  http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/.

• Grammar Bytes - Grammar Instruction with Attitude - http://www.chompchomp.com/menu.htm

• Guide to Grammar and Writing (Charles Darling, Capital Community
  College; Hartford, CN) - The Guide to Grammar and Writing is sponsored
  by the Capital Community College Foundation, a nonprofit 501 c-3
  organization that supports scholarships, faculty development, and
  curriculum innovation. - 
  http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/

• Big Dog's Grammar - "Maybe some dull, basic English grammar stuff
  here, but I know how to get to the meat of any subject. Join me as I
  nose my way through the least you need to know to bluff your way through Freshman comp or any general writing task." - 
  http://www.aliscot.com/bigdog/

https://writemyessayfor.me/?

https://ted-ielts.com/describe-a-map-language/

https://www.englishclass101.com/blog/2020/07/17/directions-in-english/

https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-powerpoints/grammar/word-order/compass-cardinal-directions/106123

https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/09/principles-of-writing-how-to-avoid-wordiness.html

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/verb-patterns-verb-infinitive-or-verb-ing

My exercises

"His English had the flawless, idiomatic ring of a native speaker" about 
Satoshi Nakomoto

https://blog.prepscholar.com/all-the-sat-idioms-you-need-complete-list-and-tips

Enantiosemia

Connotation

Denotation

GRE General

Analytical Writing section

• “Analyze an Issue” task

https://www.ets.org/pdfs/gre/issue-pool.pdf

• “Analyze an Argument” task

https://www.ets.org/pdfs/gre/argument-pool.pdf

Verbal Reasoning section

Quantitative Reasoning section

References

1. Montanez, A. (2023). 'Succession' Season 4: Release Date, Cast, Trailer and News. Robb Report. Retrieved from https://robbreport.com/lifestyle/news/succession-season-4-1234728134