Computer Graphics (CG)
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Resources
Artistic skills and product management
https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/pixar/
Fundamentals of computer graphics
https://www.cs.middlebury.edu/~candrews/classes/cs461/
Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, 4th Edition. ISBN 9781315360201
Interactive Computer Graphics A Top-Down Approach with WebGL Edward Angel and Dave Shreiner Seventh Edition, Addison-Wesley 2015
https://www.youtube.com/c/InigoQuilez/videos
Software packages (Blender)
https://cgcookie.com/lesson/intro-to-blender-and-cg-cookie
https://www.youtube.com/c/GlebAlexandrov/playlists
Libraries
"Some people think games are kid's stuff, but gamedev is one of the few areas that uses almost every item of the standard CS curriculum."- Dr. Sepideh Chakaveh
https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/profiles/sepideh-chakaveh
Meaning
- CGI (computer-generated imagery). Abbreviation. common gateway interface.
- Computer graphics is as create coherent models, not fit with reality.
- It’s not about user interfaces.
History of Computer Graphics
https://deseng.ryerson.ca/dokuwiki/mec222:brief_history_of_computer_graphics
The world of computer graphics
Research
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cw88Y36qgDg&ab_channel=SilviaSellán
- ACM
CG industry
- Motion Graphics
- 3D Rendering
- VFX
Actual ecosystem
- Maya, Blender, Max.
- OpenGL, DirectX.
GitHub Repository
https://github.com/sanchezcarlosjr/computer-graphics/
Examples
https://cg.sanchezcarlosjr.com/
How do I render my models when don’t have enough computational power?
Render farm
https://www.sheepit-renderfarm.com
How Many FPS Can the Human Eye See? and Frame rate
30-60 is an animation.
Description and ecosystem
- Fundamentals of computer graphics.
- Basics of real-time rendering and graphics hardware.
- Basic OpenGL.
- C++ programming experience.
- Algorithms.
- Mathematics.
- Software packages.
- Graphics editor. Photoshop, Illustrator, ...
- Computer graphics. Blender, Maya, RenderMan, ...
- Video-games. Unity, ...
- Libraries.
- OpenGL.
- DirectX.
- WebGL.
- ...
- Hardware.
- Graphic cards.
- Displays.
- Artistic skills and product management.
- Video-games.
- Movies.
- Animations.
- Simulations.
People
Disney's Nine Old Men
Disney Legends
Multimedia and blobs
PDF, SVG, ...
Visual system
https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/vuvjfafb
Introduction
Math
Bitmap
Raster images
Images are presented on some raster display. So, raster images are the most common way to store and process images.
Raster means converting vector images to pixel images.
Raster displays:
- Printers.
- Monitor.
- Television.
- Camera
- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter
Render means generating from a 3D model, 2D model, or effects to an image by a computer program. Raster displays show images as rectangular arrays of pixels. A raster image is a 2D array that stores the pixel value for each pixel.
Render programs:
- Blender
- After Effects
- ...
Rasterization, Ray Tracing, and Ray Tracing are rendering techniques.
Rendering Equation.
Vector images vs raster images
Rendering
Perspective
Ray Tracing
In computing, Ray Tracing is a process that draws a set of objects producing an array of pixels. From a material way, rendering means converting 3D objects to 2D images into realistic images, which considers how each object contributes to each pixel. So, if you want it, you need an image-order algorithm called Ray Tracing. Reversing reality, it takes an image based on the camera geometry, known as an array of pixels, running through each pixel in the image shoots rays through the normal surface, checking every object of the scene to see if it intersects with any of them. Also, it computes the pixel color based on the results of the ray intersection. My implementation of the algorithm in pseudocode, thanks to Appel:
for each pixel on the scene based on the camera geometry do
compute the ray direction
find first object hit by ray and its surface normal
compute illumination
calculate color
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/s4zfc085d4
Notes
https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/pixar/rendering
“Ray Tracing in One Weekend.” raytracing.github.io/book/RayTracingInOneWeekend.html (accessed Feb. 21, 2022)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm#File_formats
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Canvas_API/A_basic_ray-caster
Properties of lighting & Light rays
There are properties of lighting and lights rays. So this lesson is about the spotlight, diffuse reflection, specular reflection, refraction, shadows rays, and how does work light rays with different mediums.
* Spotlight means the intensity of a lamp. When the light comes from directly a source, it's called direct illumination. Otherwise, it's called indirect illumination, that is, either refraction or reflection.

- Reflection * Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light in a random direction on a surface. * Specular reflection is the mirror-like reflection of light in a single direction on a surface.

* Refraction signifies the change in direction of light passing from one medium. For example, a glass with water.
* Ray tracing determines shadows rays from the object intersection to the light source.

* The camera is a factor to determine the brightness and racy tracing -image plane-.
Rasterization and his graphic pipeline
The process of taking a primitive, generally a triangle, and figuring out which pixels it covers is called rasterization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7Ztio8cwqM
Notes
https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rasterization-practical-implementation
Transformations
Geometric transformations and projections in computer graphics are linear transformations such that they are matrices, so we will be able to operate on Linear Algebra ideas. As shown below
is called translation.
is called scaling.
is called rotating.
We are ready to introduce composite transformations, i.e. multiply matrices. means applying translation and after scaling. How we can check , but and .
- Affine space
How does a low-level library work?
Blender
https://git.blender.org/gitweb/
Storytelling
Color
Camera
Virtual cameras work similar way to real cameras simulating optics and their behavior. The camera lens is about focal length, f-stop, diameter, and their relationship is . Focal length is the distance between the lens and focal point on mm, and it’s possible manipulating in-camera with Lens Curvature. Diameter measures the diameter of the aperture on mm. Focal length classifies as a natural view (~50mm), narrow view (~150mm), and wide view (~28mm).
Another hand, the Depth of field is a region where the objects in a scene are in focus. It determines choosing of a lens, aperture, and f-stop. A narrow depth of field gets by a small f-stop. A wide depth of field gets by a bigger f-stop.
Animation
Bouncing Ball Equation
Raster images
Ray tracing
- Algorithm
Linear Algebra
Viewing
- Field of view
- Len mm
- Perspective distortion
Image-based rendering
https://www.inf.ufrgs.br/~oliveira/pubs_files/RITA_IBMR.pdf
https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs248-05/IBR/IBR.pdf
https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~dyer/cs534/papers/ibr-survey.pdf
Animation
Twelve basic principles of animation
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
The Graphics Pipeline
- Object-order rendering.

Date:
Topic: Rasterization
Recall
How does a developer write his own animation?
The developer writes vertices and modes -geometric objects, and the computer interpolates.
Curves? Chain of line segments.
Polygons? Break them up into triangles.

Notes
- INPUT: Geometric primitive by clipper.
- It enumerates the pixels.
- It interpolates values.
- OUTPUT: A set of fragments -pixels, with their information, including color, location, and depth- for each primitive in the frame buffer.
- A raster is a matrix of pixels.
- Geometric primitive to pixels is called rasterization.
- Triangles are the most often used primitive.
- A fragment shader is a shader about fragments.
- A vertex shader is a shader about vertices.
- A shader is a program that runs over GPU.
Date:
Topic: Clipping
https://www.tutorialandexample.com/clipping-in-computer-graphics
Clipping is a process to remove o disabling objects within a defined region of interest, generally outside the computer screen or viewing pane.
References
Worked examples
Pipeline
Textures
Data Structures
Curves
Animation
Computer Graphics in Games
Visual perception