Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology | SpringerLink

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Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technique that today constitutes one of the main pillars of preclinical and clinical imaging. MRI’s capacity to depict soft tissue in whole specimens ex vivo as well as in vivo, achievable voxel resolutions well below (100 μm)3, and the absence of ionizing radiation have resulted in the broad application of this technique both in human diagnostics and studies involving small animal model organisms. Unfortunately, MRI systems are expensive devices and have so far only sporadically been used to resolve questions in zoology and in particular in zoomorphology. However, the results from two recent studies involving systematic scanning of representative species from a vertebrate group (fishes) as well as an invertebrate taxon (sea urchins) suggest that MRI could in fact be used more widely in zoology. Using novel image data derived from representative species of numerous higher metazoan clades in combination with a comprehensive literature survey, we review and evaluate the potential of MRI for systematic taxon scanning. According to our results, numerous animal groups are suitable for systematic MRI scanning, among them various cnidarian and arthropod taxa, brachiopods, various molluscan taxa, echinoderms, as well as all vertebrate clades. However, various phyla in their entirety cannot be considered suitable for this approach mainly due to their small size (e.g., Kinorhyncha) or their unfavorable shape (e.g., Nematomorpha), while other taxa are prone to produce artifacts associated either with their biology (e.g., Echiura) or their anatomy (e.g., Polyplacophora). In order to initiate further uses of MRI in zoology, we outline the principles underlying various applications of this technique such as the use of contrast agents, in vivo MRI, functional MRI, as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, we discuss how future technical developments might shape the use of MRI for the study of zoological specimens.

Abbreviations

2D: Two-dimensional 3D: Three-dimensional BBB: Blood–brain barrier BOLD: Blood oxygenation level-dependent CA: Contrast agent cLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscopy CSI: Chemical shift imaging CT: Computed tomography DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging DWI: Diffusion-weighted imaging FLASH: Fast low-angle shot FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging FOV:FR : RARE factor FSPGR: Fast spoiled gradient echo MEMRI: Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging MR: Magnetic resonance MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy NA : Average number NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance OPT: Optical projection tomography PET: Positron emission tomography RARE: Rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement SE:SIO: Scripps Institution of Oceanography SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio TA : Acquisition time TE :TR : Repetition time TSE: Turbo spin echo μCT: Micro-computed tomography ZMB: Zoologisches Museum Berlin ZMH: Zoologisches Museum Hamburg

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